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Milk thistle meta-analysis

I have often seen milk thistle (silymarin) touted as a shining star among natural remedies for hepatoprotective benefits. And although still controversial, it is intriguing to learn of its antiperoxidative effects in achieving small increases in glutathione levels (1). No doubt that a 2008 meta-analysis from Switzerland on silymarin will pique your interest further. After reviewing the only 19 available "double-blind" and "single-blind" studies, no evidence was found to help with viral hepatitis, but in liver cirrhosis sylimarin was able to reduce aspartate aminotransferase, although not alkaline phosphatase (2)--this means it may help protect hepatocytes (liver cells). The meta-analysis concluded that not enough clinical evidence existed for proper recommendation (2). But risk/benefit analysis would suggest it's reasonable to use sylimarin as a therapy for poisoning and may have minor benefit in liver cirrhosis (2). References 1. Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, de la C...

Sliding filament model

What is troponin and what is its diagnostic value? Troponin is a three-subunit protein complex that regulates striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle contraction (1-3). Similar to caldesmon in smooth muscle, troponin affects release from actin (3). The process of muscle contraction is best represented by the sliding filament model (3). The model illustrates heavy dependence on calcium regulation for velocity involving “loose coupling” of calcium binding to troponin to determine the rate of “cycling cross-bridges” (4-6). Cross-bridge cycling is a two-feedback mechanism—positive and negative—depending on its activation and regulation (6). Troponin subunit Tn-T is attached to tropomyocin is attached to actin (3). When a signal transmitted to the sarcoplasmic reticulum induces release of Ca(2+) into the sarcomere, then the Ca(2+) binds to subunit Tn-C, which changes orientation of subunit Tn-I (3). The Tn-I change causes a rotation in which the structure of tropomyosin rotates actin and ex...